Inclusion Criteria

• Type 1 diabetes diagnosed clinically at least 1 year prior to enrollment
  • Males must be Tanner stage 4-5
  • Females will have attained menarche 
  • currently on CSII with HbA1c <10 % 
  • physically active based on self-report 
  • no eating disorder 
  • high likelihood of compliance with protocol and completion of study 
  • absence of an intercurrent illness during the study period
• Healthy children will need to meet the above criteria except for diabetes diagnosis and HbA1c criteria.
  • Male participants will be Tanner stage 4 or 5 
  • Females would have attained menarche
  • Healthy subjects will be recruited from the general population and can be siblings of type 1 diabetics

Exclusion Criteria

• Factors confounding insulin action such as abnormal kidney and liver function, celiac disease and colitis 
• Eating disorder 
• Simultaneous involvement in another research study that would confound the current study
• Inability or unwillingness of individual or legal guardian/representative to give written informed consent
• Pregnancy
• Any other condition that in the opinion of the study team would be concerning