Inclusion Criteria - Epilepsy Patients:

• Adults with drug resistant bilateral mesial temporal lobe OR unilateral (dominant) mesial temporal lobe epilepsy will be candidates. In these patients, resective surgery has significant risk of memory impairment. All patients will have bilateral medial temporal lobe epilepsy or unilateral (dominant) temporal lobe epilepsy based on clinical evaluation using clinical semiology, scalp electroencephalography (EEG), and MRI neuroimaging. Patients that are not adequately localized with non-invasive studies will have intracranial electroencephalographic (iEEG) to demonstrate seizures are of mesial temporal origin.
• Focal epilepsy, including seizures with and without impairment of consciousness, and secondarily generalized seizures:
  • Disabling seizure counts > 3 per month on average over 3 months (disabling seizures are those with significant negative impact on the patient’s life);
  • Drug resistance to > 2 appropriate seizure drugs with therapeutic serum concentrations;
  • Not a good candidate for resective surgery or at significant risk for verbal memory decline as determined by our institution’s multidisciplinary Epilepsy Surgery Committee;
  • For 3 months prior to enrollment, subject’s anti-seizure medication dosages have been stable and subject has had at least 3 disabling seizures per month, on average, with a seizure-free interval not to exceed 30 days. Seizures must be separated by a minimum of eight hours not to be considered part of a cluster. A cluster of seizures, for the purpose of this criterion, shall be considered a single seizure.
• With the exception of epilepsy, subject must be medically and neurologically stable.
• Mayo Clinic Epilepsy Surgery Committee approval for brain stimulation therapy obtained on clinical grounds and without reference to this protocol.
• Age 18 to 75 years old.
• Ability and willingness to provide informed consent and participate in the study protocol. Subject is able to interpret and to respond, in accordance with the study protocol, to the advisory indicators provided by the device.
• Subject has seizures that are distinct, stereotypical events that can be reliably counted by the patient or caregiver.
• Subject can reasonably be expected to maintain a seizure diary alone or with the assistance of a competent individual.
• Subject is able to complete regular office visits and telephone appointments in accordance with the study protocol requirements.
• A female subject must have a negative serum pregnancy test prior to the actual surgical procedure being done.   If sexually active, must be using a reliable form of birth control, be surgically sterile, or be at least two years post-menopausal.
• Subject’s seizure focus, based upon clinical semiology, scalp encephalography (EEG)   and neuroimaging, shall  support bilateral temporal lobe epilepsy or unilateral (dominant) temporal lobe epilepsy. Patients that are not adequately localized with non-invasive studies will have intracranial electroencephalographic (iEEG) to demonstrate seizures are of mesial temporal origin.
• Subject’s seizure focus, based upon clinical semiology, intracranial electroencephalographic (iEEG) findings, and/or neuroimaging, shall demonstrate bilateral medial temporal lobe epilepsy or unilateral (dominant) temporal lobe epilepsy.
• Subject has been informed of his or her eligibility for resective surgery as a potential alternative to the study, if such surgery is a reasonable option.
• Subject speaks and reads English.
• Subject has had a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) epilepsy evaluation within the past two years.
• Subject has iEEG documentation of ictal events consistent with his or her predominant current seizure type.
• Subject’s anatomy will permit implantation of the Medtronic Investigational RC+S generator within 20 mm of the skin surface.
• Subject can reasonably be expected to periodically check battery levels and recharge devices (Implanted neural stimulator (INS), Clinical Telemetry Module (CTM), and EPAD tablet) alone or with the assistance of a competent individual.

Exclusion Criteria: 

• For 3 months prior to enrollment, subject’s anti-seizure medication dosages have not been stable, or subject has had more than 25 disabling seizures per month, on average, or there was a seizure-free interval longer than 30 days within the past 3 months. Clinical seizures must be separated by a minimum of eight hours to not be considered part of a cluster. Cluster seizures are considered a single seizure event.
• Subject has a contraindication to magnetic resonance imaging.
• Subject has a substance abuse history (alcohol, prescription, or illicit medications) within the preceding two years.
• Subject participated in another drug or device trial within the preceding 30 days.
• Subject has been hospitalized for a psychiatric condition within the preceding two years or has had a history of psychosis within the preceding two years (excluding post-ictal psychosis).
• Subject is implanted with pacemaker, implantable cardiac defibrillator, cardiac management product, or a medical device that interferes with the RC+S device. This includes, but is not limited to, direct brain neurostimulators, spinal cord stimulators, vagus nerve stimulators (VNS), and cochlear implants. Patients with a vagus nerve stimulator implanted but turned off through the duration of the study may be enrolled, provided their clinical status has been stable for at least one month with VNS turned off. Alternatively, patients with a VNS may have the previously disabled VNS removed at time of surgery to implant the Medtronic RC+S.
• Subject has been diagnosed with psychogenic or non-epileptic seizures.
• Subject has been diagnosed with primary generalized seizures.
• Subject has experienced unprovoked status epilepticus in the preceding year.
• Subject has had therapeutic surgery to treat epilepsy that may interfere with electrode placement.
• Subject is on anticoagulants and is unable to discontinue them peri-surgically, as required by the neurosurgeon or Investigator.
• Subject has significant platelet dysfunction from medical conditions or medications (including, particularly, aspirin or sodium valproate). If platelet dysfunction is suspected, subject can be enrolled only if a hematologist, the Investigator, and the neurosurgeon judge it to be advisable.
• Subject is ineligible for cranial surgery.
• Pregnancy.