Inclusion Criteria:

• Males and females over age 18 years who are able to comprehend instructions, follow study procedures and who willing to provide written, informed consent will be included. The volunteers will consume an isoenergetic diet eating all meals from Mayo CRTU for 3 days prior to study.
• Overweight/Obese volunteers will have a BMI 29.0 – 37.0 kg/m^2:
  • Upper body/visceral obesity (UBO) in women will be defined as those with a waist-hip ratio (WHR) > 0.85 and/or increased visceral fat by single slice CT scan, usually with > 120 cm2 of visceral fat by CT scanning or a visceral fat/total fat ratio of > 0.30, and/or biochemical evidence of metabolic syndrome as defined by ATP III criteria (fasting plasma triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL, HDL-cholesterol < 50 mg/dL for women and < 40 mg/dL for men, fasting plasma glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL).  Upper body obesity in men will be defined as a waist-hip ratio of >0.95 and/or increased visceral fat (visceral fat area > 180 cm2 or a visceral/total fat abdominal ratio by CT of > 0.40) by single slice CT scan and/or biochemical evidence of metabolic syndrome as defined by ATP III criteria. These visceral fat values are based upon the data collected at Mayo Clinic using our methods, and are correlated with dyslipidemia and hyperinsulinemia;
  • Lower body obesity (LBO) in women will be defined as a waist-hip ratio of <0.75 and/or a lower visceral fat by single slice CT scan, usually < 120 cm2 or a visceral fat/total fat ratio of ≤ 0.30 and fasting plasma triglycerides within the normal range. The term “lower body men” is used to describe a male phenotype that is characteristic of adipose insulin sensitivity even with excess body fat. A waist to hip ratio isn’t suitable for this description as it is for women. LBO men will be defined as obese men with normal fasting plasma triglycerides, normal fasting plasma glucose and greater proportional leg fat via DEXA.
• Female subjects are eligible if they meet the following criteria:
  • Are not pregnant or nursing;
  • All women of childbearing potential will have a negative urine pregnancy test at screening and a negative urine pregnancy test day of admission for inpatient study visit;
  • All women of childbearing potential will use an appropriate contraceptive method, including barrier method, oral contraceptive medication, contraceptive device or abstinence while participating in the study. They will confirm use of one of these methods.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Individuals with a history of a disease process such as:
  • Ischemic heart disease;
  • Atherosclerotic valvular disease;
  • Persistent blood pressure greater than 160/95 despite antihypertensive medication.
• Smokers.
• Concomitant use of medications that can alter free fatty acid metabolism, including, but not limited to niacin, thiazolidinediones, beta-blockers, oral or injected corticosteroids or anabolic steroids.
• Allergy to lidocaine.
• Allergy to indocyanine green.

Note: Other protocol defined Inclusion/Exclusion criteria may apply.

Eligibility last updated 4/4/23. Questions regarding updates should be directed to the study team contact.