Clinical Trials

Inclusion Criteria:

• Creatinine < 2.2 mg/dL for Caucasian males, < 2.0 Caucasian females,< 2.4 African-American males, < 2.1 mg/dL African-American females.
• Hypertension (Systolic BP > 155 mm Hg) and/or requirement for two or more antihypertensive medications: no restrictions on antihypertensive agents, although loop diuretics will be changed to diluting site agents (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, metolazone) prior to study.
• Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE inhibitor) or Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARB) therapy maintained or initiated at usual recommended daily dose (equivalent: 40 mg lisinopril).

Exclusion Criteria:

• Diabetes requiring insulin or oral hypoglycemic medications.
• Known allergy to furosemide or iodinated intravenous contrast.
• Pregnancy.
• Recent Cardiovascular event: Myocardial infarction, stroke, congestive heart failure within 3 months.
• Cardiac ejection fraction less than 30%.
• Evidence of hepatitis B or C, or HIV infection.
• requirement for potentially nephrotoxic drugs; e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
• Uncontrolled hypertension: SBP > 180 mm Hg, despite antihypertensive therapy.
• Kidney transplant.
• Pacemaker, implantable defibrillator or other contraindication to Magnetic resonance imaging.
• Inability to comply with breath-hold for 30 seconds.
• History of deep venous thrombosis within 3 months of enrollment.
• Contraindications to renal biopsy including artificial valve requiring continuous anticoagulation.