Clinical Trials

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients with hypertension (Systolic BP> 155 mm Hg) and/or requirement for two or more antihypertensive medications for more than 4 weeks, no restrictions on antihypertensive agents, although loop diuretics may be changed to diluting site agents (e.g. hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, metolazone) for two weeks prior to study.
• Patients have serum creatinine ≤2.2 mg/dL.
• Patients have no contraindications to angiography: severe contrast allergy.
• Patients have no contraindications to no-contrast MR evaluations: e.g. pacemaker or magnetically active metal fragments, claustrophobia.
• Patients have the ability to comply with protocol.
• Patients are competent and able to provide written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patient have serum creatinine >2.2 mg/dL.
• ARAS in a solitary kidney.
• Patients have clinically significant medical conditions within the six months before SWT treatment: e.g. myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, stroke, that would, in the opinion of the investigators, compromise the safety of the patient.
• Uncontrolled hypertension (Systolic BP >180 mmHg despite therapy).
• Pacemaker, implantable defibrillator or other contraindication to MRI.
• Inability to comply with breath-hold for 20 seconds.
• Any active malignancy and undergoing therapy.
• Patients are pregnant.
• Kidney or ureteric stone that may affect the effect of SWT.
• Another known acute or chronic kidney disease.
• Local inflammation or infection over treatment areas.
• Bleeding disorders.
• Federal medical center inmates.
• Latex allergy.