Clinical Trials

Inclusion Criteria - ES and PNES Cohorts:

• Aged 18-59 years old, inclusive.
• Undergoing clinically indicated evaluation in the Mayo Clinic’s EMU.
• Able to provide Informed Consent OR are accompanied by a LAR who can provide informed consent on their behalf.

Exclusion Criteria - ES and PNES Cohorts:

• Age 17 or under or age 60 or over.
• Unable to provide Informed Consent, AND are not accompanied by a LAR who can provide informed consent on their behalf.
  • Note that individuals who are normally able to provide consent on their own behalf but suffer from an altered mental status after a seizure may not be provide informed consent in this post-ictal state.
• Prisoners.
• Individuals known to have any of the following conditions:
  • Systemic or metastatic cancers;
  • Brain tumors;
  • HIV or AIDS;
  • Acute or chronic central nervous infections;
  • Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome;
  • Genetic epilepsy syndromes (including but not limited to Dravet’s Syndrome and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex);
  • Central nervous system or systemic inflammatory autoimmune disorders (including but not limited to SLE, multiple sclerosis, and vasculitis).
• Individuals with intracranial recording EEG electrodes.
• Individuals who have undergone brain surgery for any reason within the past 6 months incliuding any type of invasive EEG monitoring.

Inclusion Criteria - Control Subjects:

• Aged 18-59 years old, inclusive.
• Able to provide Informed Consent.

Exclusion Criteria - Control Subjects:

• Age 17 or under or age 60 or over.
• Unable to provide Informed Consent (an LAR is not permitted to provide Informed Consent on a Control Subject’s behalf).
• Prisoners.
• Individuals known to have any of the following conditions:
  • Systemic or metastatic cancers;
  • Brain tumors;
  • HIV or AIDS;
  • Acute or chronic central nervous infections;
  • Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome;
  • Genetic epilepsy syndromes (including but not limited to Dravet’s Syndrome and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex);
  • Central nervous system or systemic inflammatory autoimmune disorders (including but not limited to SLE, multiple sclerosis, and vasculitis).
• A history of either seizures or suspected seizures of any type (a single instance of febrile seizure prior to age 2 is allowed).
• Treatment with an anti-seizure medication, for any reason, within two months prior to providing a blood sample.
• Individuals who have undergone brain surgery for any reason within the past 6 months including any type of invasive EEG monitoring.