Clinical Trials

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adult patients meeting criteria for cardiogenic shock during the study period of August 1, 2019 to July 31, 2022.
• Cardiogenic shock criteria defined as:
  • Systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg or mean arterial blood pressure 30 mm Hg below baseline for at least 30 minutes despite volume resuscitation and/or vasoactive therapy; and
  • Evidence of end-organ hypoperfusion (altered mental status, oliguria with urine output <30 mL/hour, cool extremities, lactate >2.0 mmol/L); or
  • Pulmonary edema.
• The etiology of cardiogenic shock can be categorized into one of the following subtypes:
  • Ischemic (acute myocardial infarction, ischemic cardiomyopathy), myocardial (end-stage heart failure, myocarditis), post-cardiotomy, cardiac tamponade, pulmonary thromboembolus.
• Subjects requiring mechanical circulatory support for one of the CS subtypes listed above.
• Age ≥ 18 years old.
• Consent for study participation has been obtained.

Exclusion Criteria: 

• Lack of consent for study participation.
• Shock due to causes other than cardiogenic shock (e.g., sepsis, serious ventricular arrhythmias not due to myocardial ischemia or heart failure, neurogenic, anaphylactic, hemorrhagic/hypovolemic).
• Shock with unwitnessed out of hospital cardiac arrest.
• Severe non-cardiac morbidity with expected survival of < 6 months (e.g., malignancy, end-stage liver disease, severe chronic lung disease, severe CNS morbidity).
• Admission occurring outside the study period.
• Refusal of active treatment.