Clinical Trials

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults ≥ 18 years of age.
• Undergoing an elective procedure with a relatively high risk of perioperative AKI, including cardiothoracic surgeries, percutaneous cardiac valve procedures, and vascular surgeries.
• Ability undergo perioperative placement of bladder catheter.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Individuals who have absolute lack of urine production (i.e., complete anuria) arising from either end stage renal disease or severe recent AKI (possible confounding abnormal urine ammonia dynamics).
• Individuals who utilize nephrostomy or a urostomy for urine removal.
• Individuals with a urea cycle disorder or other inherited disorder of ammonia metabolism (possible confounding abnormal urine ammonia dynamics).
• Individuals who may be considered vulnerable including pregnant women, prisoners, and institutionalized subjects.