Clinical Trials

Inclusion Criteria – Non-diabetic Subjects:

• Weight-stable, non-diabetic subjects using the methods described above.

Exclusion Criteria - Non-diabetic Subjects: 

• Age < 25 or > 65 years (to avoid studying subjects who could have latent type 1 diabetes, or the effects of age extremes in subjects with normal or impaired fasting glucose).
• HbA1c ≥ 6.5%
• Use of glucose-lowering agents.
• For female subjects: positive pregnancy test at the time of enrollment or study
• History of prior upper abdominal surgery such as adjustable gastric banding, pyloroplasty and vagotomy.
• Active systemic illness or malignancy.
• Symptomatic macrovascular or microvascular disease.
• Subsequently, subjects will then undergo an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test to ensure that they have a fasting glucose ≤ 125mg/dl and a two-hour glucose ≤ 200mg/dl.

Inclusion Criteria – Diabetic Subjects:

• Weight-stable, diabetic subjects treated with diet and lifestyle alone or with metformin monotherapy using the methods described above. 

Exclusion Criteria - Diabetic Subjects:

• Age < 25 or > 65 years (to avoid studying subjects who could have latent type 1 diabetes, or the effects of age extremes in subjects with normal or impaired fasting glucose).
• Use of any glucose-lowering agent other than metformin.
• 2 or more fasting glucose values > 250mg/dl on medication or after medication withdrawal.
• Unwillingness or inability to withdraw medication for three weeks prior to, and for the duration of the study.
• For female subjects: positive pregnancy test at the time of enrollment or study
• History of prior upper abdominal surgery such as adjustable gastric banding, pyloroplasty and vagotomy.
• Active systemic illness or malignancy.
• Symptomatic macrovascular or microvascular disease.

• The two groups will be matched for age, sex and weight.